Factorial of 163

Counting with 163!

There are 2.0044 × 10^291 different ways to arrange 163 different books on a shelf: 163 choices for the first place, 162 for the second, and so on down to one choice for the last. If you only fill the first three places, as with gold, silver and bronze among 163 runners, there are 163 × 162 × 161 = 4,251,366 possible podiums. If the order does not matter, divide by 3! = 6 to get 708,561 ways to choose a group of three. Choosing a pair from 163 people can be done in 13,203 ways.

In probability, if 163 names are drawn out of a hat one at a time, the chance of drawing them in one particular order is 1 in 2.0044 × 10^291. That is why shuffled decks and passwords with many symbols are so hard to guess.

How big is 163!?

163! has 292 digits, so it is larger than the estimated number of atoms in the observable universe (about 10^80). The digits add up to 1134, a multiple of 9, as they are for every factorial from 6! on. Stirling's formula, √(2πn) × (n/e)^n, gives a close estimate without multiplying everything out, and gets more accurate as n grows.

Prime factors of 163!

Every prime up to 163 divides 163!. Legendre's formula counts how often: add ⌊n/p⌋ + ⌊n/p²⌋ + ⌊n/p³⌋ + … for each prime p. For 163! that gives 2^159 × 3^80 × 5^39 × 7^26 × 11^15 × 13^12 × 17^9 × 19^8 × 23^7 × 29^5 × … (38 primes in all). The 39 trailing zeros come from pairing the 39 factors of 5 with factors of 2.

Shuffles where nothing stays put

A related count is the number of derangements of 163 items: orders in which no item ends up in its original place, as in a Secret Santa where nobody draws their own name. The count is the whole number nearest to 163! ÷ e, so about 36.8% of all 2.0044 × 10^291 orders are derangements. From about four items on, that share stays close to 1 ÷ e, roughly 37%, however many items there are.

Computing 163! yourself

In Excel or Google Sheets, type =FACT(163). Spreadsheets keep only 15 significant digits, so from 18! on the result is rounded, and FACT stops at 170!, the largest factorial that fits in a standard floating-point number. In Python, math.factorial(163) returns the exact integer with all 292 digits, because Python integers have no size limit. The gamma function extends factorials to fractions: Γ(n + 1) = n!, so (1/2)! = √π ÷ 2 ≈ 0.8862.

Why is 0! equal to 1?

There is exactly one way to arrange nothing, and the rule n! = n × (n − 1)! only works for n = 1 if 0! = 1. Defining it this way keeps formulas for combinations and series correct at the edges.