Factorial of 321

Counting with 321!

There are 6.7926 × 10^666 different ways to arrange 321 different books on a shelf: 321 choices for the first place, 320 for the second, and so on down to one choice for the last. If you only fill the first three places, as with gold, silver and bronze among 321 runners, there are 321 × 320 × 319 = 32,767,680 possible podiums. If the order does not matter, divide by 3! = 6 to get 5,461,280 ways to choose a group of three. Choosing a pair from 321 people can be done in 51,360 ways.

In probability, if 321 names are drawn out of a hat one at a time, the chance of drawing them in one particular order is 1 in 6.7926 × 10^666. That is why shuffled decks and passwords with many symbols are so hard to guess.

How big is 321!?

321! has 667 digits, so it is larger than the estimated number of atoms in the observable universe (about 10^80). The digits add up to 2628, a multiple of 9, as they are for every factorial from 6! on. Stirling's formula, √(2πn) × (n/e)^n, gives a close estimate without multiplying everything out, and gets more accurate as n grows.

Prime factors of 321!

Every prime up to 321 divides 321!. Legendre's formula counts how often: add ⌊n/p⌋ + ⌊n/p²⌋ + ⌊n/p³⌋ + … for each prime p. For 321! that gives 2^318 × 3^157 × 5^78 × 7^51 × 11^31 × 13^25 × 17^19 × 19^16 × 23^13 × 29^11 × … (66 primes in all). The 78 trailing zeros come from pairing the 78 factors of 5 with factors of 2.

Shuffles where nothing stays put

A related count is the number of derangements of 321 items: orders in which no item ends up in its original place, as in a Secret Santa where nobody draws their own name. The count is the whole number nearest to 321! ÷ e, so about 36.8% of all 6.7926 × 10^666 orders are derangements. From about four items on, that share stays close to 1 ÷ e, roughly 37%, however many items there are.

Computing 321! yourself

In Excel or Google Sheets, type =FACT(321). Spreadsheets keep only 15 significant digits, so from 18! on the result is rounded, and FACT stops at 170!, the largest factorial that fits in a standard floating-point number. In Python, math.factorial(321) returns the exact integer with all 667 digits, because Python integers have no size limit. The gamma function extends factorials to fractions: Γ(n + 1) = n!, so (1/2)! = √π ÷ 2 ≈ 0.8862.

Why is 0! equal to 1?

There is exactly one way to arrange nothing, and the rule n! = n × (n − 1)! only works for n = 1 if 0! = 1. Defining it this way keeps formulas for combinations and series correct at the edges.