Factorial of 439

Counting with 439!

There are 1.2795 × 10^971 different ways to arrange 439 different books on a shelf: 439 choices for the first place, 438 for the second, and so on down to one choice for the last. If you only fill the first three places, as with gold, silver and bronze among 439 runners, there are 439 × 438 × 437 = 84,027,234 possible podiums. If the order does not matter, divide by 3! = 6 to get 14,004,539 ways to choose a group of three. Choosing a pair from 439 people can be done in 96,141 ways.

In probability, if 439 names are drawn out of a hat one at a time, the chance of drawing them in one particular order is 1 in 1.2795 × 10^971. That is why shuffled decks and passwords with many symbols are so hard to guess.

How big is 439!?

439! has 972 digits, so it is larger than the estimated number of atoms in the observable universe (about 10^80). The digits add up to 3807, a multiple of 9, as they are for every factorial from 6! on. Stirling's formula, √(2πn) × (n/e)^n, gives a close estimate without multiplying everything out, and gets more accurate as n grows.

Prime factors of 439!

Every prime up to 439 divides 439!. Legendre's formula counts how often: add ⌊n/p⌋ + ⌊n/p²⌋ + ⌊n/p³⌋ + … for each prime p. For 439! that gives 2^432 × 3^216 × 5^107 × 7^71 × 11^42 × 13^35 × 17^26 × 19^24 × 23^19 × 29^15 × … (85 primes in all). The 107 trailing zeros come from pairing the 107 factors of 5 with factors of 2.

Shuffles where nothing stays put

A related count is the number of derangements of 439 items: orders in which no item ends up in its original place, as in a Secret Santa where nobody draws their own name. The count is the whole number nearest to 439! ÷ e, so about 36.8% of all 1.2795 × 10^971 orders are derangements. From about four items on, that share stays close to 1 ÷ e, roughly 37%, however many items there are.

Computing 439! yourself

In Excel or Google Sheets, type =FACT(439). Spreadsheets keep only 15 significant digits, so from 18! on the result is rounded, and FACT stops at 170!, the largest factorial that fits in a standard floating-point number. In Python, math.factorial(439) returns the exact integer with all 972 digits, because Python integers have no size limit. The gamma function extends factorials to fractions: Γ(n + 1) = n!, so (1/2)! = √π ÷ 2 ≈ 0.8862.

Why is 0! equal to 1?

There is exactly one way to arrange nothing, and the rule n! = n × (n − 1)! only works for n = 1 if 0! = 1. Defining it this way keeps formulas for combinations and series correct at the edges.