Factorial of 82

Counting with 82!

There are 4.7536 × 10^122 different ways to arrange 82 different books on a shelf: 82 choices for the first place, 81 for the second, and so on down to one choice for the last. If you only fill the first three places, as with gold, silver and bronze among 82 runners, there are 82 × 81 × 80 = 531,360 possible podiums. If the order does not matter, divide by 3! = 6 to get 88,560 ways to choose a group of three. Choosing a pair from 82 people can be done in 3,321 ways.

In probability, if 82 names are drawn out of a hat one at a time, the chance of drawing them in one particular order is 1 in 4.7536 × 10^122. That is why shuffled decks and passwords with many symbols are so hard to guess.

How big is 82!?

82! has 123 digits, so it is larger than the estimated number of atoms in the observable universe (about 10^80). The digits add up to 477, a multiple of 9, as they are for every factorial from 6! on. Stirling's formula, √(2πn) × (n/e)^n, gives a close estimate without multiplying everything out, and gets more accurate as n grows.

Prime factors of 82!

Every prime up to 82 divides 82!. Legendre's formula counts how often: add ⌊n/p⌋ + ⌊n/p²⌋ + ⌊n/p³⌋ + … for each prime p. For 82! that gives 2^79 × 3^40 × 5^19 × 7^12 × 11^7 × 13^6 × 17^4 × 19^4 × 23^3 × 29^2 × … (22 primes in all). The 19 trailing zeros come from pairing the 19 factors of 5 with factors of 2.

Shuffles where nothing stays put

A related count is the number of derangements of 82 items: orders in which no item ends up in its original place, as in a Secret Santa where nobody draws their own name. The count is the whole number nearest to 82! ÷ e, so about 36.8% of all 4.7536 × 10^122 orders are derangements. From about four items on, that share stays close to 1 ÷ e, roughly 37%, however many items there are.

Computing 82! yourself

In Excel or Google Sheets, type =FACT(82). Spreadsheets keep only 15 significant digits, so from 18! on the result is rounded, and FACT stops at 170!, the largest factorial that fits in a standard floating-point number. In Python, math.factorial(82) returns the exact integer with all 123 digits, because Python integers have no size limit. The gamma function extends factorials to fractions: Γ(n + 1) = n!, so (1/2)! = √π ÷ 2 ≈ 0.8862.

Why is 0! equal to 1?

There is exactly one way to arrange nothing, and the rule n! = n × (n − 1)! only works for n = 1 if 0! = 1. Defining it this way keeps formulas for combinations and series correct at the edges.